Defragmenting your hard drive is often presented as a way of speeding up your computer – mostly, it is a good way to quickly wear out your hard drive, waste a lot of time and risk data loss.

In general, you do not need to defragment your hard drive. Even if files are fragmented, it is not a big deal.

Ever since I posted my article on A Faster Way to Defragment Your Hard Drive, I’ve noticed a fair number of hits on that article.

A fragmented file is slower to load or copy than a contiguous one. There is no argument on this.

If your hard drive head has to move to a different location on the disk to continue reading a file, that movement takes time and slows performance.

Windows is a multitasking operating system, there is never just one program running at a time – there are several. Many of which may be accessing your disk: anti-virus program, automatic updates, the compile you are doing in the background, the file you are downloading, the MP3 you’re listening to in the background, etc. All these applications are accessing the hard disk.

No single application is granted exclusive access to the hard drive, they all share it. This means they are all using the hard drive and they are all moving the hard drive heads to different locations as they read or write to the disk. Even if you were loading a contiguous file, that load might be interrupted when a chunk of auto-update needs to be written to the disk – thus having the same effect as if the contiguous file had been fragmented (the drive head was over the file, moved away and had to return).

Even if a file is fragmented, it probably doesn’t matter. How often is the fragmented file accessed? If it is a system restore file, it doesn’t matter – the only time it is accessed is if you are doing a restore.

How about an image file? Does it really matter if it takes 0.1 seconds to load versus 0.11 seconds? No it doesn’t. If you select 100 of them to open, then it is an extra second, but you are more likely to experience serious slowdown as your system starts thrashing because you’ve run out of physical memory and everything is being swapped out to the hard drive.

A lightly fragmented file (I’ll define it as any file with less than 10 fragments – that is an arbitrary number, my criteria for selecting it is that it is ‘single digit’ fragmentation) is nothing to worry about.

Defragmenting programs exaggerate the seriousness of the problem.

Auslogic Disk Defrag (very fast, by the way), shows my hard drive (the one I use for backups) as seriously fragmented – just look at all the red! Never mind that only 5758 out of 364,152 files were fragmented. That’s 1.6% of files, or 98.4% of files are unfragmented. Click for full size image:

Do I really want to spend several hours defragmenting the drive? No.

Piriform’s Defraggler, is a little less alarming – it tells me I have 35% fragmentation (4615 fragmented files, spread over 27,747 fragments – about 6 fragments per file). NOTE:The numbers reported by Piriform and Auslogic are different because I ran the Auslogic defragmenter a bit to gauge how fast or slow it was (and it is definitely fast):

Piriform’s Defraggler (Auslogics Disk Defrag, as well) let’s me see a report of which files are fragmented and how many fragments there are. More than 50% of files (judging by the position of the scrollbar) had 2 fragments, 90% had fewer than 10 fragments:

Of the 4615 fragmented files, 67 had 50 or more fragments – that’s 1.5% of fragmented files.

True, 35% of the data on the disk is fragmented, but the fragmentation is not severe – most of that data has fewer than 10 fragments. The files that are seriously fragmented I don’t care about. I don’t care if a system restore file is fragmented because I will probably never access it.

If you are really concerned about fragmentation of a file (because it is used frequently), then only defragment that file. Piriform’s Defraggler and Auslogics’ Disk Defrag allow you to defragment individual files – which makes the most sense. NOTE: while Auslogics’ Disk Defrag offers the option to defrag a single file, when I tried, nothing happened – I was using version 3.2.1.10 under Windows XP with Service Pack 3.

Don’t waste your time defragmenting. Don’t wear out your hard drive by constantly defragmenting. If you need to defragment, then be selective and only defragment those files that need it.

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Following on yesterdays blog post on A Faster Way To Defragment Your Hard Drive, I decided to blog on an easy way to fragment your hard drive – although, this is usually not what we intend to do.

After a while, our hard drives tend to fill up with (mostly junk), and we get a warning message from Windows that we are running low on space, would you like to run Disk Cleanup? And we say yes.

Aside from asking if we want to delete a bunch of temporary files, it also asks if it can compress old files (file we don’t use very much).

Compressing files or folders leads to increased file fragmentation – especially on a drive with low disk space.

This happens because compressed files and folders are packed into larger files to avoid space loss that occurs because of cluster size. A cluster is the smallest writable unit on a hard drive. On Windows, for hard drives bigger than 2GB, the cluster size is 4096 bytes. That means if your file is only 100 bytes long, it still occupies 4096 bytes on the disk. This means 40 files of size 100 bytes will occupy 163 840 bytes on the hard disk. When you use file or folder compression, those 40 files can be squeezed into a single cluster of 4096 bytes.

The reason fragmentation occurs when using compressed folders and files on drive with low disk space is:

1. Windows creates large files to pack the smaller ones into
2. Since disk space is low, Windows can’t find enough space to write the larger file in a contiguous manner
3. So Windows writes the file in several fragments scattered all over the disk – wherever it can find space.

I do use compressed files and folders on my system, but I only use it for files that I rarely change. And, after compressing the files and folders, I defragment them.

Compressing files and folders is a good way to trade off the space used by them for a little extra time to access them – I don’t find the difference to be significant enough to worry about it – but it is important to be aware that fragmentation is a very real possibility and this fragmentation can significantly add to the file access time (not only does the OS have to decompress them on the fly, but it also has to scurry all over the disk finding the pieces of that file).

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File fragmentation is, pretty much, a fact of life. You can run utilities like Windows Disk Defragmenter or Piriform‘s Defraggler (which lets you defrag just a single file instead of the whole disk), but they are slow – even if left running overnight, they often don’t finish on heavily fragmented drives (at least on my system). A very fast disk defragmenter is Auslogics Disk Defrag (but still slower than this technique on a heavily fragmented drive).

There is a faster way to defragment a heavily fragmented drive than using a defragmenting tool.

What you need

You need a spare hard disk with enough space to hold ALL your files – I use an external 1TB drive connected through my USB port.

What you do

1) Copy all your data files (including their directories) over to the spare drive – in general, you shouldn’t need to copy system or program files.

If you try to copy the entire drive, this will fail because Windows (or whatever OS you are running) locks certain files needed for normal operation. One way to get around this is to run an OS from a Live CD. I like to use Kaspersky Rescue Disk because it is a lean and robust Linux boot disk that automatically mounts all hard drives and can read and write NTFS disks. Since Windows isn’t running, I can copy over all the files on the disk (well, almost all the files, for some reason pagefile.sys and some restore folders generate an error when copying – the claim is that they are locked).

2) Once all the files are copied over, delete the files on the hard disk you want to defragment.

Your hard disk should now be mostly empty (except for system and program files).

3) If you like, you can boot your OS and run a disk defragmenting tool – it will run much faster since (1) there are fewer files to move around and (2) there is more free space on the disk to move the files to.

4) Copy the files back to your hard disk. As the files are copied back, they will be written back whole, rather than fragmented.

Sometimes, large files will still be fragmented – though not to the degree they once were (I have some large video files – bigger than 10GB – that never fully defragment; I suspect this is a limitation of the NTFS file system).

It still takes a long time to defragment, but not as long as using a defragmenting tool.

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